Monsignor Maurizio Gronchi, an expert consultant for the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith at the Vatican, clarified that the measure established last month regarding the use of the titles “Co-Redemptrix” and “Mediatrix” for the Virgin Mary is “not an absolute prohibition” and that these titles can still be used in popular piety, provided their meaning is understood.

“It’s not an absolute prohibition, but it will no longer be used in official documents or in the liturgy. But if used in popular devotion, understanding its meaning, no one will be reprimanded for it,” the expert said in an interview with “EWTN Noticias,” the Spanish-language broadcast edition of EWTN News.

The interview took place after the Nov. 4 publication of the doctrinal note “ Mother of the Faithful People” in which the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, led by Cardinal Víctor Fernández, stated that the use of the title “Co-Redemptrix” is “always inappropriate” and encourages “special prudence” regarding the title “Mediatrix of All Graces.” The text has sparked controversy among the faithful, especially among those who use these terms within the Catholic Church.

Gronchi explained that “the issue is an old one. This problem has been discussed for 99 years, since 1926. We have studied it on several occasions, and the dicastery has received numerous requests for clarification regarding these terms. These titles present a problem. There is a risk of obscuring, of not clearly explaining that the centrality of the paschal mystery of salvation lies in Jesus Christ.”

“For this reason,” the expert indicated, “now is the time to clarify these titles, so that when it is said that they have been used in the past, it will mean that it was done inappropriately. It doesn’t mean that it was wrong, but rather that a definition of these titles was not yet mature and clear.”

The consultant emphasized that the pontifical document is a doctrinal note that “deepens, clarifies, and states that these terms are not appropriate, they are not opportune, simply because Mary participates in the redemption, she collaborates in the redemption, but not in the same way as Jesus.” After noting that the Virgin Mary is like the moon reflecting the light of the sun, a symbol of Jesus, Gronchi said that “Mary gives birth to Jesus, but on the cross, Jesus dies, not Mary. Mary participates with her heart, with her affection, with all that she is, but it is a participation that the document calls dispositive, meaning that Mary disposes us to receive the grace of Christ, but she is not the source of grace, nor the mediatrix of all graces.”

Cardinal Pierbattista Pizzaballa, recently returned from a visit to the Church of the Holy Family in Gaza—the enclave’s only Catholic parish, where he conveyed the closeness and solidarity of the Catholic Church—opened the Christmas celebrations in Jesus’ birthplace by making the traditional procession from Jerusalem to Bethlehem.

Upon his arrival in Manger Square, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem said he brought greetings from Gaza’s small Christian community, which, he noted, is animated by a strong desire to rebuild. He also expressed the hope for a Christmas marked by light.

The resumption of Christmas celebrations in Bethlehem carries significance on several levels. On the one hand, there is hope that the U.S.-backed peace initiative that led to the ceasefire may offer Palestinians the opportunity to move forward with reconstruction plans. On the other hand, it revives expectations that Bethlehem’s residents may gradually return to work, as 85 per cent of local families depend directly or indirectly on tourism, which came to a halt during the war.

Hotel owners and staff, shopkeepers selling religious articles, taxi drivers, restaurant owners, and tour guides have seen their livelihoods largely disappear over the past two years. Bethlehem has been among the hardest-hit cities in the West Bank, lacking a strong industrial base, significant commercial activity, agricultural capacity, or a large public-sector workforce.

These difficulties are compounded by challenges affecting the wider West Bank, including Israel’s revocation of entry permits for most seasonal Palestinian workers to its territory and settlements, as well as the partial payment of salaries to Palestinian Authority employees.

Despite these hardships, the population continues to demonstrate resilience and hope. Speaking to Vatican Radio’s Jean-Charles Putzolu, Bethlehem’s Mayor, Maher Nicola Canawati, said that the renewed celebrations are meant to restore hope after a prolonged period of hardship. “After two years of silence,” the Mayor said, “we believe we have reignited the spirit of Christmas, because the people of Bethlehem needed hope—hope for a better tomorrow. And that is exactly what we have done.”

As war continues to scar the world, Pope Leo XIV used his Christmas Urbi et Orbi message to renew his appeal for peace, dialogue, and responsibility, turning to those regions where violence and instability continue to claim innocent lives.

The Pope prayed for “justice, peace, and stability for Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and Syria,” and urged that the promise of peace rooted in righteousness be renewed. He appealed in a particular way for Ukraine, asking that “the clamour of weapons cease,” and that all those involved, with the support of the international community, find the courage to engage in “sincere, direct, and respectful dialogue.”

Remembering conflicts that risk being forgotten, Pope Leo XIV expressed closeness to the victims of war and violence in Sudan, South Sudan, Mali, Burkina Faso, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, as well as to all those who suffer as a result of injustice, political instability, religious persecution, and terrorism.

The Pope also prayed for Haiti, calling for an end to violence and progress along the path of peace and reconciliation. He also invoked peace for Myanmar, asking that the country be guided towards reconciliation and hope, especially for its younger generations. Turning to Latin America, he encouraged those with political responsibilities to give space to dialogue for the common good, rather than to ideological and partisan divisions.

The Pope also prayed for the restoration of the “ancient friendship” between Thailand and Cambodia, and entrusted to God the peoples of South Asia and Oceania, who have been severely affected by recent natural disasters, calling for renewed commitment to assisting those who suffer. Against this backdrop of conflict, Pope Leo XIV recalled the meaning of Christmas, proclaiming that “today, true peace has come down to us from heaven.” Quoting Saint Leo the Great, he affirmed that “the Lord’s birth is the birth of peace.”

Reflecting on the Nativity, the Pope recalled that Jesus “was born in a stable because there was no room for Him in the inn,” and that the Son of God, “through whom all things were created,” was not welcomed. “Out of love,” the Pope said, Christ “accepted poverty and rejection, identifying Himself with those who are discarded and excluded.”

Already in the birth of Jesus, the Pope noted, “we glimpse the fundamental decision that would guide the entire life of the Son of God… the decision not to leave us under the burden of sin, but to bear it Himself for us.” At the same time, he reminded the faithful that peace also requires human responsibility. Quoting Saint Augustine, he said that “God, who created us without us, will not save us without us,” adding that “responsibility is the sure way to peace.”

A 25-meter-tall red fir tree is now standing in St. Peter’s Square. This year, the tree comes from the Val d’Ultimo area in the province of Bolzano and was given by the municipalities of Lagundo and Val d’Ultimo, located in the northern part of Italy.

The province of Bolzano is known for its extraordinary beauty filled with lakes, forests, mountains, and meadows. After thorough examination, the forest guard service selected the tree.

As is tradition, in addition to the main tree, 40 smaller trees will also be brought to the Vatican and be placed in different offices and buildings of the Holy See. More mature trees are chosen as part of a natural renewal process.

Bishop Ivo Muser of Bolzano-Bressanone explained “the felling of the tree is not an act of disrespect but the result of careful forest management, where tree removal is part of an active care strategy that ensures the health of the forest and control its growth.”

In the area of South Tyrol—where the two cities are located—reforestation is seen as more than a simple project. It is, as the bishop noted, “an established practice and a cornerstone of sustainable forest management, where for every tree felled, new ones are planted, ensuring healthy and resilient forests for future generations.”

Part of this green perspective is that following the close of the Christmas season, essential oils are set to be extracted from the tree’s branches by the Austrian company Wilder Naturprodukte. The remaining wood will be donated to a charitable organization to be repurposed, in keeping with the guiding principles of environmental stewardship.

The Vatican Christmas tree tradition began in 1982 with Pope John Paul II when he received a Christmas tree as a gift from a Polish farmer, who had brought it all the way to Rome. Since then, the offering of the Christmas Tree to the Pope has become an honour, and each year the Vatican accepts a tree donated by a different European country or region.

From December 8, the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception, the Annuarium Pontificium—the Holy See’s official Pontifical Yearbook—is available in a fully digital version, accessible via web browser and mobile app. The new platform offers data on the Dicasteries of the Roman Curia, Dioceses, Religious Institutes, and Apostolic Nunciatures. The project was jointly developed by the Secretariat of State and the Dicastery for Communication, and was presented recently to Pope Leo XIV.

Accompanied by Archbishop Edgar Peña Parra, Substitute of the Secretariat of State, and Msgr. Lucio Adrián Ruiz, Secretary of the Dicastery for Communication, together with other representatives of the two Dicasteries, Pope Leo effectuated the first login and navigated the platform himself.

“Thank you for this work, which will be of great use for many who work in the service of the Church,” said the Pope to those present at the launch event. He encouraged them “to continue with this spirit of service, so that what is born with care and attention may, in time, become an even greater help.”

Heir to the medieval Liber Pontificalis (the collection of papal biographies), the Pontifical Yearbooktook shape in the mid-twentieth century as an essential reference for anyone needing official information on the Catholic Church throughout the world.

Now that same corpus can be searched online, marking a significant step in updating and modernizing the information tools at the service of the universal Church.

According to a statement from the Secretariat of State, access from any device—via browser or app—overcomes the logistical limits of the printed volume and makes the informational patrimony of the Holy See consultable.

New employment regulations in the Swiss canton of Zurich mean Church employees cannot be dismissed for failing to follow Catholic teaching.

“What has long been guaranteed in civil law now also applies to employment in the church,” the Diocese of Chur said, announcing that the revocation or withholding of the episcopal missio canonica – which confirms compliance with doctrine and moral teaching – will no longer lead to an employee’s automatic dismissal.

In Switzerland, it is not dioceses and parishes that are the legal employers of church workers, but rather church corporations governed by public law. These corporations are democratically organised and cover the area of a canton, which does not correspond with dioceses.

Referring “to the social reality in Switzerland that there is nowadays greater openness to life forms that were previously taboo”, the canton said the new regulations instead require employees to be willing “to respect the Christian character of the institution and to contribute to making it effective in one’s own area of responsibility”.

“Relationships, sexual orientation, and lifestyle, particularly the intimate sphere … are excluded from legal assessment and do not constitute a criterion for employment,” it said. A person’s private life cannot constitute “unsatisfactory behaviour” that is reasonable grounds for dismissal, though Church discipline for priests, deacons and Religious is exempt.

Zurich’s statement said the regulations were agreed in negotiation with Bishop Joseph Maria Bonnemain of Chur, whose diocese covers the entire canton.

In November, the Swiss bishops’ conference issued a “status report on the practice in Swiss dioceses with regard to the connection between episcopal authorisation” for pastoral work. While emphasising the “uniqueness of each life situation” and rejecting a “rigid set of rules”, the report did not say that a person’s private life could not be grounds for dismissal.

Five theologians from Lucerne called the report an “abuse of power” and challenged the bishops to change their approach. The reform group “Allianz Gleichwürdig Katholisch” demands the separation of missio from private lives, accusing the bishops of failing “to develop the necessary changes to make the Roman Catholic Church in Switzerland a discrimination-free working environment for pastoral workers”.

On December 10 Venezuelan immigration police confiscated and invalidated the passport of Cardinal Baltazar Porras, the archbishop emeritus of Caracas, as he was preparing to travel to Bogotá, Colombia, from Simón Bolívar International Airport in Maiquetía. According to the Grand Priory of the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem in Venezuela, on December 10^th morning the cardinal “was subjected to humiliating treatment” by airport authorities under the government of Nicolas Maduro.

From Bogotá, Porras was scheduled to take a flight to Madrid and then travel to Toledo, where he was going to participate in the solemn ceremony that would invest him as Spiritual Protector of the Order of St. Lazarus in Venezuela. Accompanying the cardinal were Grand Prior José Antonio Rodríguez and his wife, who were allowed to board the plane.

“Immigration police officers unjustly detained His Eminence Cardinal Porras [along with] the Grand Prior with his wife. The cardinal’s Venezuelan passport was confiscated and invalidated, preventing him from boarding his scheduled flight to Bogotá, with a connection to Madrid,” the order explained in a statement.

“Even though His Eminence presented his Vatican City State passport, issued by virtue of his dignity as a cardinal and with the diplomatic prerogatives that correspond to him as a prince of the Catholic Church, he was denied boarding. The cardinal was subjected to humiliating treatment, including a search of his personal belongings and clothing, with the use of drug-sniffing dogs, while his luggage was removed from the plane,” the statement added.

In a statement addressed to the bishops of Venezuela, Cardinal Porras recounted what happened at Simón Bolívar Airport, noting that “the most common experience in this last quarter of a century is to suffer almost constantly, with few exceptions.” Upon reviewing his passport, immigration police told him that he appeared as deceased in the identification system. The cardinal also reported that he was followed even into the restroom by the soldiers who prevented him from traveling.

“We are in the Christmas season. Strength lies in the weakness of the manger, in the fragility of the truth that is built in peace, without violence and without abuse. Hope comes through continuous work for the good of all, especially the excluded,” the archbishop emeritus of Caracas stated.

Pope Leo said Europe’s “Judeo-Christian roots” are the only way to understand its identity, after criticising US policy on the continent. At an audience in Rome with members of the European Conservative and Reformist (ECR) group of the European Parliament, the Pope praised “the rich ethical principles and patterns of thought that are the intellectual patrimony of Christian Europe.” “These are essential for safeguarding the divinely bestowed rights and inherent worth of every human person, from conception to natural death,” he said. “They are likewise fundamental for responding to the challenges presented by poverty, social exclusion, economic deprivation, as well as by the ongoing climate crisis, violence and war.”

He had voiced concerns about the US peace plan to end Russia’s war in Ukraine, warning that it excludes Europe from negotiations. He told reporters that “unfortunately, some parts of it that I have seen make a huge change to what was for many, many years a true alliance between Europe and the United States”.

Leo has previously insisted that peace negotiations must include contributions from European powers. Critics of the plan, which demands significant territorial and diplomatic concessions from Ukraine, warn that it accepts Russian demands and undermines Ukrainian and European security. 

Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelenskyy had visited the Pope at Castel Gandolfo earlier on Tuesday as he toured European capitals to rally support after a series of unfriendly diplomatic interventions from the US.

In an interview with the Politico website broadcast, US President Donald Trump said many European nations were “decaying” and “will not be viable countries any longer” due to immigration – which he blamed on “weak” leaders who had also failed to bring peace in Ukraine.

During his remarks at Castel Gandolfo, Pope Leo said that “remarks that are made about Europe, also in interviews recently, I think, are trying to break apart what I think needs to be a very important alliance [between Europe and the US] today and in the future”. “I believe Europe’s role is very important, and the unity of European countries is truly significant, especially in this case,” he said.

“Trying to reach a peace agreement without including Europe in the discussions is not realistic. The war is in Europe, and I believe that Europe must be part of the security guarantees sought today and in the future.”

He continued: “Unfortunately, not everyone understands this, but I believe there is a great opportunity for the idea of Europe to come together and seek solutions collectively.”

The Commission of the Bishops’ Conferences of the European Union (COMECE) has expressed concern about a recent ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union, which obliges all member states to recognize so-called “homosexual marriages” legally performed in another country.

In a Dec. 9 statement, the president of COMECE, Bishop Mariano Crociata, warned that the ruling could have an impact on the legal sovereignty of each nation, since the recognition of these unions is mandatory even if they are not valid under a country’s own legal system.

The ruling concerns a same-sex Polish couple who “married” in Germany in 2018. Upon returning to Poland, the authorities refused to record their union in the civil registry. The European court has deemed this refusal contrary to EU law, meaning that all member states are now obligated to recognize the rights stemming from this bond.

On behalf of the Church in Europe, Crociata referred to the Church’s anthropological vision, “founded on natural law,” and reiterated that marriage is a “union between a man and a woman.” In this context, the Italian prelate pointed out that the ruling restricts the rights of each nation, especially those in which “the definition of marriage is part of their national identity.” In his opinion, the ruling could generate “pressure to amend national family law” and also increase “legal uncertainty.”

Currently, almost half of the European Union countries have not legalized same-sex unions: Poland, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic, and Romania. In this regard, the bishops emphasized the need for “a prudent and cautious approach” to family law with cross-border implications and urges avoiding “undue influence” on national legal systems in Europe.

Ahead of the Christmas season, the Episcopal Conference of Haiti (CEH) issued a message with the biblical theme, “The light of Christ shines in our darkness”. In it, the bishops spoke to a population “tested, journeying through the dark of night of uncertainty and pain”. Yet, the statement stressed that the Haitian people are capable of “unexpected achievements.”

In the message, released on 8 December, the CEH highlighted how Jesus was born “in the shadow of poverty”—something they argued with which many people in Haiti can resonate deeply. Especially in the midst of this Jubilee Year of Hope, the bishops noted that Christ’s birth can be a source of hope to everyone.

However, their statement was not one of naivety. It did not call for Christian hope to be an escape from the challenges of reality, nor a “superficial optimism”. Rather, the bishops described this Christian, Christmas hope as a push towards responsible and resolute action.

In Haiti, gang violence has killed at least 4,388 people between January and September, according to the UN’s office in Haiti, BINUH. Some 1.4 million people have been displaced, and more than half of the population of almost 12 million are facing acute food insecurity.

Despite the current challenges in the country, the Haitian bishops encouraged everyone—no matter their vocation or age—to continue their mission to be “peacemakers”.

Another sign of hope that the bishops praised was the 2026 World Cup qualification of the national football team, which they called a symbol of the Haitian people’s capacity to overcome division. Concluding their statement, the CEH entrusted the country to the “Prince of Peace” Jesus Christ and placed Haiti under the protection of the Virgin Mary. The bishops expressed their hope that Christmas will spark renewed hope for meaningful change by 2026.